Linux- Quota dan Kernel part 2

4.Instalasi Kernel

4.1 Membuat Disket Boot
Sebelumnya memulai instalasi kernel, sangat dianjurkan untuk membuat bootdisk untuk persiapan jika kita mengalami kegagalan saat proses instalasi. Untuk tujuan ini, kita dapat menggunakan utilitas dalam Linux yaitu “mkbootdisk”. Tapi sebelum itu, kita harus mengetahui versi kernel kita saat ini dengan memeriksa file “/etc/lilo.conf”. Sebagai contoh, berikut ditampilkan isi file “/etc/lilo.conf” :

# pico /etc/lilo.conf

boot=/dev/hda

map=/boot/map

install=/boot/boot.b

prompt

timeout=50

default=linux

image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.14-15.0

              label=linux

              read-only

              root=/dev/hda9

other=/dev/hda1

              label=dos

Berdasarkan file di atas, sistem Linux diboot menggunakan “/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.14-15.0”. Berikut adalah langkah-langkah pembuatan bootdisk :


# mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 2.2.14-15.0

Insert a disk in /dev/fd0. Any information on the disk will be lost.

Press <Enter> to continue or ^C to abort:      

Sebaiknya kita memboot ulang sistem dengan bootdisk tersebut untuk menjamin bahwa bootdisk tersebut bekerja dengan baik.

4.2 Konfigurasi Kernel

Langkah pertama kita akan menguninstall kernel versi lama. Tapi sebelum itu ada baiknya kita Agar lebih aman sebaiknya modul lama dibackup dulu. Modul ada di direktori /lib/modules.

# cp /lib/modules/2.2.14 /lib/modules/2.2.14.bkp

Dengan membackup modul maka bila modul baru tidak bisa digunakan dengan baik maka modul lama masih bisa dipakai lagi dengan menghapus modul baru dan mengganti nama modul backup seperti semula.

Dalam proses uninstall ini ada dua macam cara :

Bila kita pernah menginstall kernel Linux dengan source dalam bentuk tar archive (.tar.gz):

§  Masuk ke direktori /usr/src :

    # cd /usr/src

§  Hapuslah simbolik links dengan perintah :

    # rm –rf linux

§  Hapus direktori kernel header Linux :

    # rm-rf linux-2.2.xx

§  Hapus direktori kernel modul Linux  dengan perintah :

    # rm –rf /lib/modules/2.2.xx

  

Menghapus modul lama diperlukan bila kita telah menginstall versi kernel sebelumnya yang berupa modul. Jika direktori modul ini tidak terdapat dalam direktori “/lib” karena kernel versi sebelumnya bukan kernel termodulasi.


Bila kita baru pertama kali menginstall kernel Linux, kita harus menguninstall paket kernel RPM yang terinstall dalam sistem kita:


§ Kita dapat mengetahui release paket RPM dengan perintah sbb :

   # rpm –qa| grep kernel

     kernel-headers-2.2.xx.i386.rpm

     kernel-2.2.xx.i386.rpm

§ Untuk menguninstall kernel linux RPM :

   # rpm –e –nodeps kernel-headers kernel

     cannot remove /usr/src/linux-2.2.xx – directory not empty

     cannot remove /lib/modules/2.2.xx – directory not empty

   # rm –rf /usr/src/linux-2.2.xx/

   # rm –rf /lib/modules/2.2.xx/

Kita menghapus secara manual direktori “/usr/src/linux-2.2.xx” dan “/lib/modules/2.2.xx” beserta direktori-direktori di bawahnya.

Pada tahap instalasi kita harus mengambil source kernel yang akan kita install (biasanya ini bisa diambil di ftp-ftp tertentu). Pada modul ini kita akan menginstall kernel versi 2.2.16. Kopikan source kernel ini pada direktori /usr/local/src lalu ekstrak source sbb :

# cp linux-2.2.16.tar.gz /usr/src/

# tar –zxvf linux-2.2.16.tar.gz     

Perintah tersebut akan mendekompress dan mengekstrak file-file di dalamnya ke direktori /usr/src/. Biasanya setelah diekstrak, akan dibuat direktori /usr/src/linux, sehingga akan menimpa direktori lama. Ada baiknya kita membackup direktori /usr/src/linux yang lama. Mengupgrade kernel dengan versi yang jauh lebih tinggi (misal dari 2.2.14 ke 2.4.2) akan lebih kompleks dan rumit daripada mengupgrade ke versi yang tidak terlalu tinggi (misal dari 2.2.14 ke 2.2.16). Sebaiknya baca juga file /usr/src/linux/README dan /usr/src/linux/Documentation/Change.

# cd /usr/src/linux

# make mrproper

Perintah ini akan membersihkan segala sesuatu yang masih tertinggal secara tidak sengaja pada source. Kemudian kita harus mengkonfigurasi kernel kita. Terdapat tiga mode konfigurasi yaitu:


§ make config, membuat konfigurasi kernel berdasarkan teks

§ make menuconfig, menampilkan option-option kernel dengan pull down dan menu yang mudah dipahami.

§ make xconfig, berupa tampilan full grafis (Xwindows).

Dalam kompilasi kali ini, kita akan menggunakan mode yang kedua karena mode ini cukup mudah dan tidak membutuhkan dukungan hardware yang tinggi. Setelah mengetikkan perintah itu akan tampil konfigurasi kernel linux. Kita harus memilih option-option tersebut sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan spesifikasi komputer kita. Biasanya kita dihadapkan pada pilihan yes (y), module (m), dan no (n). Bila kita bingung dalam menentukan pilihan-pilihan tersebut bacalah petunjuk (help) yang disediakan untuk setiap option. Option option yang kita pilih yes (y) akan dimuat dan dikompile ke dalam kernel. Hal ini akan memperbesar ukturan kernel kita. Oleh karena itu, pilihlah hanya feature-feature yang sering digunakan. Untuk feature-feature yang jarang digunakan sebaiknya dijadikan sebagai modul. Berikut contoh option-option yang disediakan :

Code maturity level options

Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers (CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL) [N/y/?]

Processor type and features

Processor family (386, 486/Cx486, 586/K5/5x86/6x86, Pentium/K6/TSC, PPro/6x86MX) [PPro/6x86MX]

Maximum Physical Memory (1GB, 2GB) [1GB]

Math emulation (CONFIG_MATH_EMULATION) [N/y/?]

MTRR (Memory Type Range Register) support (CONFIG_MTRR) [N/y/?]

Symmetric multi-processing support (CONFIG_SMP) [Y/n/?] N

Loadable module support

Enable loadable module support (CONFIG_MODULES) [Y/n/?] N

General setup

Networking support (CONFIG_NET) [Y/n/?]

PCI support (CONFIG_PCI) [Y/n/?]

PCI access mode (BIOS, Direct, Any) [Any]

PCI quirks (CONFIG_PCI_QUIRKS) [Y/n/?] N

Backward-compatible /proc/pci (CONFIG_PCI_OLD_PROC) [Y/n/?] N

MCA support (CONFIG_MCA) [N/y/?]

SGI Visual Workstation support (CONFIG_VISWS) [N/y/?]

System V IPC (CONFIG_SYSVIPC) [Y/n/?]

BSD Process Accounting (CONFIG_BSD_PROCESS_ACCT) [N/y/?]

Sysctl support (CONFIG_SYSCTL) [Y/n/?]

Kernel support for a.out binaries (CONFIG_BINFMT_AOUT) [Y/n/?]

Kernel support for ELF binaries (CONFIG_BINFMT_ELF) [Y/n/?]

Kernel support for MISC binaries (CONFIG_BINFMT_MISC) [Y/n/?]

Parallel port support (CONFIG_PARPORT) [N/y/?]

Advanced Power Management BIOS support (CONFIG_APM) [N/y/?]

Plug and Play support

Plug and Play support (CONFIG_PNP) [N/y/?]

Block devices

Normal PC floppy disk support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_FD) [Y/n/?]

Enhanced IDE/MFM/RLL disk/cdrom/tape/floppy support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE) [Y/n/?]

Use old disk-only driver on primary interface (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_HD_IDE) [N/y/?]

Include IDE/ATA-2 DISK support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDISK) [Y/n/?]

Include IDE/ATAPI CDROM support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDECD) [Y/n/?]

Include IDE/ATAPI TAPE support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDETAPE) [N/y/?]

Include IDE/ATAPI FLOPPY support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEFLOPPY) [N/y/?]

SCSI emulation support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDESCSI) [N/y/?]

CMD640 chipset bugfix/support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_CMD640) [Y/n/?] N

RZ1000 chipset bugfix/support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RZ1000) [Y/n/?] N

Generic PCI IDE chipset support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEPCI) [Y/n/?]

Generic PCI bus-master DMA support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDMA) [Y/n/?]

Boot off-board chipsets first support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_OFFBOARD) [N/y/?]

Use DMA by default when available (CONFIG_IDEDMA_AUTO) [Y/n/?]

Other IDE chipset support (CONFIG_IDE_CHIPSETS) [N/y/?]

Loopback device support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_LOOP) [N/y/?]

Network block device support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_NBD) [N/y/?]

Multiple devices driver support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_MD) [N/y/?]

RAM disk support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM) [N/y/?]

XT hard disk support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_XD) [N/y/?]

Mylex DAC960/DAC1100 PCI RAID Controller support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_DAC960) [N/y/?] (NEW)

Parallel port IDE device support (CONFIG_PARIDE) [N/y/?]

Compaq SMART2 support (CONFIG_BLK_CPQ_DA) [N/y/?] (NEW)

Networking options

Packet socket (CONFIG_PACKET) [Y/n/?]

Kernel/User netlink socket (CONFIG_NETLINK) [N/y/?]

Network firewalls (CONFIG_FIREWALL) [N/y/?] Y

Socket Filtering (CONFIG_FILTER) [N/y/?]

Unix domain sockets (CONFIG_UNIX) [Y/n/?]

TCP/IP networking (CONFIG_INET) [Y/n/?]

IP: multicasting (CONFIG_IP_MULTICAST) [N/y/?]

IP: advanced router (CONFIG_IP_ADVANCED_ROUTER) [N/y/?]

IP: kernel level autoconfiguration (CONFIG_IP_PNP) [N/y/?]

IP: firewalling (CONFIG_IP_FIREWALL) [N/y/?] (NEW) Y

IP: transparent proxy support (CONFIG_IP_TRANSPARENT_PROXY) [N/y/?] (NEW)

IP: masquerading (CONFIG_IP_MASQUERADE) [N/y/?] (NEW)

IP: optimize as router not host (CONFIG_IP_ROUTER) [N/y/?]

IP: tunneling (CONFIG_NET_IPIP) [N/y/?]

IP: GRE tunnels over IP (CONFIG_NET_IPGRE) [N/y/?]

IP: aliasing support (CONFIG_IP_ALIAS) [N/y/?]

IP: TCP syncookie support (not enabled per default) (CONFIG_SYN_COOKIES) [N/y/?] Y

IP: Reverse ARP (CONFIG_INET_RARP) [N/y/?]

IP: Allow large windows (not recommended if <16Mb of memory) (CONFIG_SKB_LARGE) [Y/n/?]

The IPX protocol (CONFIG_IPX) [N/y/?]

Appletalk DDP (CONFIG_ATALK) [N/y/?]

Telephony support

Linux telephony support (CONFIG_PHONE) [N/y/?] (NEW)

SCSI support

SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI) [Y/n/?]

SCSI disk support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SD) [Y/n/?]

SCSI tape support (CONFIG_CHR_DEV_ST) [N/y/?]

SCSI CD-ROM support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SR) [N/y/?]

SCSI generic support (CONFIG_CHR_DEV_SG) [N/y/?]

Probe all LUNs on each SCSI device (CONFIG_SCSI_MULTI_LUN) [Y/n/?] N

Verbose SCSI error reporting (kernel size +=12K) (CONFIG_SCSI_CONSTANTS) [Y/n/?] N

SCSI logging facility (CONFIG_SCSI_LOGGING) [N/y/?]

SCSI low-level drivers

7000FASST SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_7000FASST) [N/y/?]

ACARD SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_ACARD) [N/y/?]

Adaptec AHA152X/2825 support (CONFIG_SCSI_AHA152X) [N/y/?]

Adaptec AHA1542 support (CONFIG_SCSI_AHA1542) [N/y/?]

Adaptec AHA1740 support (CONFIG_SCSI_AHA1740) [N/y/?]

Adaptec AIC7xxx support (CONFIG_SCSI_AIC7XXX) [N/y/?] Y

Enable Tagged Command Queueing (TCQ) by default [N/y/?] (NEW) Y

Maximum number of TCQ commands per device (CONFIG_AIC7XXX_CMDS_PER_DEVICE) [8] (NEW)

Collect statistics to report in /proc (CONFIG_AIC7XXX_PROC_STATS) [N/y/?] (NEW)

Delay in seconds after SCSI bus reset (CONFIG_AIC7XXX_RESET_DELAY) [5] (NEW)

IBM ServeRAID support (CONFIG_SCSI_IPS) [N/y/?] (NEW)

AdvanSys SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_ADVANSYS) [N/y/?]

Always IN2000 SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_IN2000) [N/y/?]

AM53/79C974 PCI SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_AM53C974) [N/y/?]

AMI MegaRAID support (CONFIG_SCSI_MEGARAID) [N/y/?]

BusLogic SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_BUSLOGIC) [N/y/?]

DTC3180/3280 SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_DTC3280) [N/y/?]

EATA ISA/EISA/PCI (DPT and generic EATA/DMA) support (CONFIG_SCSI_EATA) [N/y/?]

EATA-DMA [Obsolete] (DPT, NEC, AT&T, SNI, AST, Olivetti, Alphatronix) support

(CONFIG_SCSI_EATA_DMA) [N/y/?]

EATA-PIO (old DPT PM2001, PM2012A) support (CONFIG_SCSI_EATA_PIO) [N/y/?]

Future Domain 16xx SCSI/AHA-2920A support (CONFIG_SCSI_FUTURE_DOMAIN) [N/y/?]

GDT SCSI Disk Array Controller support (CONFIG_SCSI_GDTH) [N/y/?]

Generic NCR5380/53c400 SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_GENERIC_NCR5380) [N/y/?]

Initio 9100U(W) support (CONFIG_SCSI_INITIO) [N/y/?]

Initio INI-A100U2W support (CONFIG_SCSI_INIA100) [N/y/?]

NCR53c406a SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_NCR53C406A) [N/y/?]

symbios 53c416 SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_SYM53C416) [N/y/?]

Simple 53c710 SCSI support (Compaq, NCR machines) (CONFIG_SCSI_SIM710) [N/y/?] (NEW)

NCR53c7,8xx SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_NCR53C7xx) [N/y/?]

NCR53C8XX SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_NCR53C8XX) [N/y/?]

SYM53C8XX SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_SYM53C8XX) [Y/n/?] N

PAS16 SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_PAS16) [N/y/?]

PCI2000 support (CONFIG_SCSI_PCI2000) [N/y/?]

PCI2220i support (CONFIG_SCSI_PCI2220I) [N/y/?]

PSI240i support (CONFIG_SCSI_PSI240I) [N/y/?]

Qlogic FAS SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_QLOGIC_FAS) [N/y/?]

Qlogic ISP SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_QLOGIC_ISP) [N/y/?]

Qlogic ISP FC SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_QLOGIC_FC) [N/y/?]

Seagate ST-02 and Future Domain TMC-8xx SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_SEAGATE) [N/y/?]

Tekram DC390(T) and Am53/79C974 SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_DC390T) [N/y/?]

Trantor T128/T128F/T228 SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_T128) [N/y/?]

UltraStor 14F/34F support (CONFIG_SCSI_U14_34F) [N/y/?]

UltraStor SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI_ULTRASTOR) [N/y/?]

Network device support

Network device support (CONFIG_NETDEVICES) [Y/n/?]

ARCnet devices

ARCnet support (CONFIG_ARCNET) [N/y/?]

Dummy net driver support (CONFIG_DUMMY) [Y/n/?]

EQL (serial line load balancing) support (CONFIG_EQUALIZER) [N/y/?]

General Instruments Surfboard 1000 (CONFIG_NET_SB1000) [N/y/?] (NEW)

Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit)

Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit) (CONFIG_NET_ETHERNET) [Y/n/?]

3COM cards (CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_3COM) [N/y/?]

AMD LANCE and PCnet (AT1500 and NE2100) support (CONFIG_LANCE) [N/y/?]

Western Digital/SMC cards (CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_SMC) [N/y/?]

Racal-Interlan (Micom) NI cards (CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_RACAL) [N/y/?]

Other ISA cards (CONFIG_NET_ISA) [N/y/?]

EISA, VLB, PCI and on board controllers (CONFIG_NET_EISA) [Y/n/?]

AMD PCnet32 (VLB and PCI) support (CONFIG_PCNET32) [N/y/?]

Apricot Xen-II on board Ethernet (CONFIG_APRICOT) [N/y/?]

CS89x0 support (CONFIG_CS89x0) [N/y/?]

DM9102 PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter support (EXPERIMENTAL) (CONFIG_DM9102) [N/y/?] (NEW)

Generic DECchip & DIGITAL EtherWORKS PCI/EISA (CONFIG_DE4X5) [N/y/?]

DECchip Tulip (dc21x4x) PCI support (CONFIG_DEC_ELCP) [N/y/?]

Old DECchip Tulip (dc21x4x) PCI support (CONFIG_DEC_ELCP_OLD) [N/y/?] (NEW)

Digi Intl. RightSwitch SE-X support (CONFIG_DGRS) [N/y/?]

EtherExpressPro/100 support (CONFIG_EEXPRESS_PRO100) [Y/n/?]

PCI NE2000 support (CONFIG_NE2K_PCI) [N/y/?]

TI ThunderLAN support (CONFIG_TLAN) [N/y/?]

VIA Rhine support (CONFIG_VIA_RHINE) [N/y/?]

SiS 900/7016 PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter support (CONFIG_SIS900) [N/y/?] (NEW)

Pocket and portable adaptors (CONFIG_NET_POCKET) [N/y/?]

Ethernet (1000 Mbit)

SysKonnect SK-98xx support (CONFIG_SK98LIN) [N/y/?] (NEW)

FDDI driver support (CONFIG_FDDI) [N/y/?]

PPP (point-to-point) support (CONFIG_PPP) [N/y/?]

SLIP (serial line) support (CONFIG_SLIP) [N/y/?]

Wireless LAN (non-hamradio) (CONFIG_NET_RADIO) [N/y/?]

Token ring devices

Token Ring driver support (CONFIG_TR) [N/y/?]

Fibre Channel driver support (CONFIG_NET_FC) [N/y/?] (NEW)

Wan interfaces

MultiGate (COMX) synchronous serial boards support (CONFIG_COMX) [N/y/?] (NEW)

Frame relay DLCI support (CONFIG_DLCI) [N/y/?]

WAN drivers (CONFIG_WAN_DRIVERS) [N/y/?]

SBNI12-xx support (CONFIG_SBNI) [N/y/?] (NEW)

Amateur Radio support

Amateur Radio support (CONFIG_HAMRADIO) [N/y/?]

IrDA subsystem support

IrDA subsystem support (CONFIG_IRDA) [N/y/?]

ISDN subsystem

ISDN support (CONFIG_ISDN) [N/y/?]

Old CD-ROM drivers (not SCSI, not IDE)

Support non-SCSI/IDE/ATAPI CDROM drives (CONFIG_CD_NO_IDESCSI) [N/y/?]

Character devices

Virtual terminal (CONFIG_VT) [Y/n/?]

Support for console on virtual terminal (CONFIG_VT_CONSOLE) [Y/n/?]

Standard/generic (dumb) serial support (CONFIG_SERIAL) [Y/n/?]

Support for console on serial port (CONFIG_SERIAL_CONSOLE) [N/y/?]

Extended dumb serial driver options (CONFIG_SERIAL_EXTENDED) [N/y/?]

Non-standard serial port support (CONFIG_SERIAL_NONSTANDARD) [N/y/?]

Unix98 PTY support (CONFIG_UNIX98_PTYS) [Y/n/?]

Maximum number of Unix98 PTYs in use (0-2048) (CONFIG_UNIX98_PTY_COUNT) [256] 128

Mouse Support (not serial mice) (CONFIG_MOUSE) [Y/n/?]

Mice

ATIXL busmouse support (CONFIG_ATIXL_BUSMOUSE) [N/y/?]

Logitech busmouse support (CONFIG_BUSMOUSE) [N/y/?]

Microsoft busmouse support (CONFIG_MS_BUSMOUSE) [N/y/?]

PS/2 mouse (aka "auxiliary device") support (CONFIG_PSMOUSE) [Y/n/?]

C&T 82C710 mouse port support (as on TI Travelmate) (CONFIG_82C710_MOUSE) [Y/n/?] N

PC110 digitizer pad support (CONFIG_PC110_PAD) [N/y/?]

Joystick support

Joystick support (CONFIG_JOYSTICK) [N/y/?]

QIC-02 tape support (CONFIG_QIC02_TAPE) [N/y/?]

Watchdog Timer Support (CONFIG_WATCHDOG) [N/y/?]

/dev/nvram support (CONFIG_NVRAM) [N/y/?]

Enhanced Real Time Clock Support (CONFIG_RTC) [N/y/?]

Video for Linux

Video For Linux (CONFIG_VIDEO_DEV) [N/y/?]

Double Talk PC internal speech card support (CONFIG_DTLK) [N/y/?]

Ftape, the floppy tape device driver

Ftape (QIC-80/Travan) support (CONFIG_FTAPE) [N/y/?]

Filesystems

Quota support (CONFIG_QUOTA) [N/y/?] Y

Kernel automounter support (CONFIG_AUTOFS_FS) [Y/n/?] N

Amiga FFS filesystem support (CONFIG_AFFS_FS) [N/y/?]

Apple Macintosh filesystem support (experimental) (CONFIG_HFS_FS) [N/y/?]

DOS FAT fs support (CONFIG_FAT_FS) [N/y/?]

ISO 9660 CDROM filesystem support (CONFIG_ISO9660_FS) [Y/n/?]

Microsoft Joliet CDROM extensions (CONFIG_JOLIET) [N/y/?]

Minix fs support (CONFIG_MINIX_FS) [N/y/?]

NTFS filesystem support (read only) (CONFIG_NTFS_FS) [N/y/?]

OS/2 HPFS filesystem support (read only) (CONFIG_HPFS_FS) [N/y/?]

/proc filesystem support (CONFIG_PROC_FS) [Y/n/?]

/dev/pts filesystem for Unix98 PTYs (CONFIG_DEVPTS_FS) [Y/n/?]

ROM filesystem support (CONFIG_ROMFS_FS) [N/y/?]

Second extended fs support (CONFIG_EXT2_FS) [Y/n/?]

System V and Coherent filesystem support (CONFIG_SYSV_FS) [N/y/?]

UFS filesystem support (CONFIG_UFS_FS) [N/y/?]

Network File Systems

Coda filesystem support (advanced network fs) (CONFIG_CODA_FS) [N/y/?]

NFS filesystem support (CONFIG_NFS_FS) [Y/n/?] N

SMB filesystem support (to mount WfW shares etc.) (CONFIG_SMB_FS) [N/y/?]

NCP filesystem support (to mount NetWare volumes) (CONFIG_NCP_FS) [N/y/?]

Partition Types

BSD disklabel (BSD partition tables) support (CONFIG_BSD_DISKLABEL) [N/y/?]

Macintosh partition map support (CONFIG_MAC_PARTITION) [N/y/?]

SMD disklabel (Sun partition tables) support (CONFIG_SMD_DISKLABEL) [N/y/?]

Solaris (x86) partition table support (CONFIG_SOLARIS_X86_PARTITION) [N/y/?]

Console drivers

VGA text console (CONFIG_VGA_CONSOLE) [Y/n/?]

Video mode selection support (CONFIG_VIDEO_SELECT) [N/y/?]

Sound

Sound card support (CONFIG_SOUND) [N/y/?]

(Security options will appear only if you are patched your kernel with the Openwall Project patch).

Security options

Non-executable user stack area (CONFIG_SECURE_STACK) [Y]

Autodetect and emulate GCC trampolines (CONFIG_SECURE_STACK_SMART) [Y]

Restricted links in /tmp (CONFIG_SECURE_LINK) [Y]

Restricted FIFOs in /tmp (CONFIG_SECURE_FIFO) [Y]

Restricted /proc (CONFIG_SECURE_PROC) [N] Y

Special handling of fd 0, 1, and 2 (CONFIG_SECURE_FD_0_1_2) [Y]

Enforce RLIMIT_NPROC on execve(2) (CONFIG_SECURE_RLIMIT_NPROC) [Y]

Destroy shared memory segments not in use (CONFIG_SECURE_SHM) [N] Y

4.3 Instalasi Kernel
Setelah mengkonfigurasi kernel kita dengan pilihan-pilihan di atas, langkah selanjutnya adalah instalasi kernel yang baru. Masuklah ke direktori /usr/src/linux lalu jalankan perintah :


# make dep; make clean; make bzImage


Perintah make dep akan memproses konfigurasi dan menetukan mana yang dikompile dan tidak dikompile. Perintah make clean akan menghapus sisa-sisa kompilasi sebelumnya dan terakhir make bzImage akam melakukan kompilasi penuh pada kernel kita. Selanjutnya kita harus melakukan kompilasi modul jika memilih yes pada option “Enable loadable module support (CONFIG_MODULES)” saat konfigurasi di atas :

# make modules

# make modules_install

Kernel biasanya berada di direktori /boot dengan nama awalan vmlinuz. Copykan file-file berikut ini untuk booting :


# cp /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-2.2.16-new

# cp /usr/src/linux/System.map /boot/System.map.2.2.16

Masuklah ke direktori /boot dan buatlah links untuk vmlinuz dan System.map sbb:


# cd /boot

# ln –fs System.map.2.2.16 System.map

# ln –fs vmlinuz-2.2.16-new vmlinuz

Tanpa links di atas, program LILO akan mencari secara default kernel yang lama.


Kemudian (di direktori /boot) hapuslah file berikut ini :

# cd /boot

# rm –f module-info

Sebagai tambahan, ada beberapa perintah dan file yang berhubungan dengan modul, diantaranya:

# lsmod (menampilkan daftar modul)

# insmod (menyisipkan modul)

# rmmod (menghapus modul)

File /etc/conf.modules adalah file untuk meload kernel modules, manualnya bisa dilihat dengan perintah :

# man conf.modules

Agar modul dapat diload secara otomatis maka harus diletakkan perintah untuk meload modul tersebut yaitu pada file /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit. Kemudian edit file /etc/lilo.conf dan tambahkan baris berikut ini :

# pico /etc/lilo.conf

image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.16-new

              label=linux-up

              read-only

              root=/dev/hda9

Restart lilo dan reboot sistem dengan perintah :


# /sbin/lilo –v

# reboot

Setelah direboot, dan masuk ke menu pilihan booting isilah dengan option “linux-up” agar sistem masuk ke kernel yang baru.

Instalasi dan kompilasi kernel dapat juga dilakukan dari paket RPM. Release RPM yang ada dapat dilihat dan didownload di http://www.rpmfind.net.

23.46